Tuesday, March 3, 2015

Part 2 of Important Short Stories of the 20th Century

Thanks to my readers for calling my attention to some omissions in my posting of important stories of the first 50 years of the 20th century.  Just overrsight on my part. Here's what I left out:

O. Henry         "The Cop and the Anthem" 1906      
                        "The Furnished Room"
                        "The Gift of the Magi"
Saki                 "The Lumber Room" 1914
                        "The Open Window"
                        "The Schartz-Metterklume Method"
                        "Sredni Vashtar"
William Sansom          "Through the Quinquina Glass"
                                    "The Vertical Ladder"1946
James Thurber "The Catbird Seat" 1939
                        "The Greatest Man in the World"
                        "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty"
                        "The Unicorn in the Garden"

One of my readers pointed out that two entries—Dubliners and Winesburg, Ohio--were not individual short stories.  I listed them this way because practically all the stories in Dubliners have been widely anthologized and analyzed and because Winesburg is more important as a series of linked-stories than it is for individual stories.

This list of stories between 1950 and 2000 is somewhat more problematical than the list of stories between 1900 and 1950, for they have not been around long enough to settle themselves into a tradition based on being anthologized and analyzed.  Once again, I urge readers to let me knowwhat I have left out or should have included.

1950-1960
Achebe, Chinua          "Dead Man's Path" 1952
Agee, James                "Mother's Tale" 1952
Aichinger, Ilse             "Bound Man" 1952
Baldwin, James           "Come Out of the Wilderness" 1958
"Sonny's Blues" 1958
Bellow, Saul               "Father to Be" 1955
"Leaving the Yellow House" 1958
Berriault, Gina                        "Stone Boy" 1957
Boll, Heinrich              "Murke's Collected Silences" 1958
"Laugher" 1955
"Across the Bridge" 1950
"Christmas Every Day" 1951
Brodkey, Harold         "First Love" 1957
Buzzati, Dino              "Seven Floors" 1958
Calisher, Hortense       "In Greenwich, There are Many" 1951
Camus, Albert             "The Guest" 1957
Cheever, John             "Country Husband" 1953
Cortazar, Julio             "Axolotl" 1956
                                    "Blow-up"
           

Dinesen,  Isak             "Babette's Feast" 1950
"Blank Page" 1957
"Cardinal's First Tale" 1957
Elliott,                         George            "Among the Dangs" 1958
Gold,   Hebert             "Susanna at the Beach" 1954
"Heart of the Artichoke" 1951
Gordimer, Nadine       "The Defeated" 1952
Grau,   Shirley Anne   "Black Prince" 1952
Hall, Lawrence Sargent "The Ledge" 1958
Hildsheimer,Wolfgang"World Ends" 1952
Keyes, Daniel              "Flowers for Algernon" 1959
Landolfi, Tommaso     "Gogol's Wife" 1953
Lavin, Mary                "Great Wave" 1959
Lispector, Calirce        "Imitation of the Rose" 1955
Mailer, Norman           "Time of Her Time" 1959
Malamud, Bernard      "Magic Barrel" 1953
"Angel Levine" 1955
"Take Pity" 1956
"Last Mohican" 1958
Mishima, Yukio          "Swaddling Clothes" 1953
Nabokov, Vladimir     "Vane Sisters" 1959
O'Connor, Flannery    "Good Man is Hard to Find" 1952
"Life you Save May Be Your Own" 1953
"The River" 1953
"Displace Person" 1953
"Artificial Nigger" 1955
"Good Country People" 1955
"Greenleaf" 19546
O'Connor, Frank         "Man of the World" 1957
O'Faolain, Sean           "Lovers of the Lake"
Paley, Grace               "The Loudest Voice" 1959
"Used-Boy Raisers" 1959
Pavese, Cesare                        "Suicides" 1953
Purdy, James               "Don't Call Me By My Right Name" 1956
"Color of Darkness" 1957
"Why Can't They Tell You Why" 1957
Rooney, Frank                        "Cyclist's Raid" 1951
Roth, Philip                 "Conversion of the Jews" 1958
"Defender of the Faith" 1959

Rulfo, Juan                 "Because We Are So Poor" 1942
"Tell Them Not to Kill Me" 1953
"Talpa" 1953
Salinger, J.D.               "For Esme, with Love and Squalor" 1950
Sillitoe, Alan               "Loneliness of Long Distance Runner" 1959
Stafford, Jean             "A Country Love Story" 1950
"In the Zoo" 1953
Svevo, Italo                 "This Indolence of Mine" 1957
Taylor, Peter                "What You Hear from Em?" 1951
                        "Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time" 1958
Tellez, Hernando         "Just Lather, That's All" 1950
Welty, Eudora             "No Place for You, My Love"  1952
Olsen, Tillie                 "I Stand Here Ironing" 1956
Williams, Tennessee    "Three Players of a  Summer's Game" 1952

1960-1970
Baldwin, James           "This Morning, this Evening, So Soon" 1960
Baraka, Amira             "Screamers" 1967
Barth, John                 "Night Sea Journey" 1966
"Lost in the Funhouse" 1967
"Life Story" 1968
Barthelme, Donald    "Shower of Gold" 1961
"Margins" 1964
"Balloon" 1966           
"Indian Uprising" 1968
Blattner, H.W.              "Sound of a Drunker Drummer" 1961
Butor, Michel              "Welcome to Utah" 1962
Buzzati, Dino              "Falling Girl" 1965
Cheever, John             "Brigadier and the Gold Widow" 1964
"Swimmer" 1964
Colter, Cyrus               "Beach Umbrella" 1962
Coover, Robert           "Babysitter" 1969
"Brother" 1969
Cortazar, Julio             "Island at Noon" 1965
"Axotol" 1964
Eastlake, William        "Long Day's Dying" 1964
Elkin,   Stanley             "Poetics for Bullies" 1965
                                    "I Look Out for Ed Wolfe" 1961
Fort, Keith                  "Coal Shoveller" 1969
Fuentes, Carlos           "Aura" 1962
Gaines, Ernest             "Just Like a Tree" 1963
"Sky is Gray" 1963
Gallant, Mavis             "Ice Wagon Going Down the Street" 1963
Gass, William H.         "Order of Insects" 1961
"In the Heart of the Heart of" 1967
Hughes, Ted                "Snow" 1960
Larner, Jeremy            "Oh the Wonder" 1965
Lavin, Mary                "Happiness" 1969
Lessing, Doris             "Homage for Babel" 1961
"To Room Nineteen" 1963
"Woman on the Roof" 1963
Lind, Jakov                 "Journey Through the Night" 1961
Malamud, Bernard                  "Jewbird" 1963
"Idiot's First" 1961
Marquez,Gabriel Garcia "Old Man with Enormous Wings" 1968
"Handsomest Drowned Man" 1968
Michaels, Leonard      "City Boy" 1969
Mishima, Yukio          "Patriotism" 1961
O'Connor, Frank         "My Oedipus Complex"
O'Connor, Flannery    "Everything That Rises" 1961
"Revelation" 1964
Oates, Joyce Carol      "Upon the Sweeping Flood" 1963
"Where Are You Going? 1966
"How I Contemplated the World" 1969
Olsen, Tillie                 "Tell Me a Riddle" 1961
Paley, Grace               "Faith in a Tree" 1967
Paredes, Americo        "Hammon and The Beans" 1963
Plath,   Sylvia              "Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams"
Price,   Reynolds         "Warrior Princess Ozimba" 1962
Purdy, James               "Daddy Wolf" 1961
Robbe-Grillet,            "Secret Room" 1961
Rogin, Gilbert             "Judging Keller" 1964
Rosa, Joao Guimaraes "Third Bank of the River" 1961
Silko, Lellie Marmon  "Man to Send Rain Clouds" 1969
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr "Matryona's House" 1963
Spark, Muriel              "Black Madonna" 1966
Taylor, Peter                "Miss Lenora When Last Seen" 1960


"Reservations:  A Love Story" 1961
Updike, John               "A&P" 1961
"Pigeon Feathers" 1961
"Lifeguard" 1962
Walker, Alice              "To Hell with Dying" 1967

1970-1980
Adams, Alice              "Roses, Rhododendron" 1975
"Truth or Consequences"
Atwood, Margaret      "Rape Fantasies" 1974
"Man From Mars" 1975
"Sin Eater" 1977
Bambara, Toni Cade   "Gorilla, My Love" 1971
"Raymond's Run" 1971
"The Lesson" 1972
"My Man Bovanne" 1972
Holst, Spencer             "Language of Cats" 1971
Beattie, Ann                "Shifting" 1977
"Burning House" 1978
"A Vintage Thunderbird" 1977
"Greenwich Time" 1979
Carver, Raymond        "Neighbors" 1971
                                    "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" 1976
"So Much Water Close to Home " 1977
Dubus, Andre               "Fat Girl" 1975
Gallant , Mavis            "Speck's Idea" 1979
Gardner, John             "Redemption" 1977
Godwin, Gail              "Dream Children" 1971
"Sorrowful Woman" 1971
Hannah, Barry             "Testimony of Pilot" 1974
"Water Liars"
Helprin, Mark              "Schreuderspitze" 1977
Le Guin, Ursula          "Ones Who Walk Away" 1973
Madden, David           "No Trace" 1970
Munro,Alice               "How I Met My Husband" 1974
"Beggar Maid" 1975
"Royal Beatings" 1975
"Wild Swans" 1978
O'Brien, Tim               "Going After Cacciato" 1976
O'Faolian, Sean           "Faithless Wife"
Paley, Grace               "Conversation with Father" 1971
"Long Distance Runner" 1974
Phillips, Jayne Ann     "Home" 1978
"Black Tickets" 1978
"Lechery" 1979
Price, Reynolds           "Truth and Lies" 1970
Robison, Mary            "Pretty Ice" 1976
Silko, Leslie Marmon  "Yellow Woman" 1974
Taylor, Peter                "Old Forest" 1979
Walker, Alice              "Everyday Use" 1973
Williams Joy                "Train" 1972



1980-1990
Abbott, Lee K.            "The Final Proof of Fate and Circumstances" 1983
Apple, Max                 "Bridging" 1984
"Oranging of America" 1976
Banks, Russell             "Sarah Cole:  Type of Love Story" 1984
Barthelme, Donald      "Chroma" 1987
Bass, Rick                   "The Watch" 1989
Bausch,                       "Old West" 1989
"All the Way in Flagstaff, Arizona, 1987
"Fireman's Wife" 1989
Busch, Frederick         "Ralph The Duck" 1988
Baxter, Charles           "Gryphon 1985
Beattie, Ann                "Jacklighting" 1982
"Janus" 1985
Bell, Madison Smartt  "Naked Lady" 1983
"Finding Natasha" 1989
Bloom, Amy               "Silver Water" 1991
Bourjaily, Vance         "Amish Farmer" 1980
Boyle,  T.C.                 "Greasy Lake" 1981
"Hector Quisadilla" 1984
Canin,  Ethan              "Emperor of the Air" 1984
"Star Food" 1986
Carter, Angela             "Black Venus" 1980
"Tis Pity She's a Whore" 1988
Carver, Raymond        "Cathedral" 1981
"Errand" 1986
Conroy, Frank             "Midair" 1985
Doer, Harriet               "Edie:  A Life" 1988
Dubus, Andre             "A Father's Story" 1983
Dybek, Stuart              "Bijou" 1985
"Chopin in Winter"
Erdrich, Louise           "Saint Marie" 1984
"Fleur"
"The Bingo Van"
Faust,  Irving              "Year of the Hot Jock" 1985
Ford, Richard              "Rock Springs" 1987
"Communist" 1985
Gaitskill, Mary           " A Romantic Weekend" 1988
Gallant , Mavis            "Lena" 1983
Gilchrist, Ellen            "Victory Over Japan" 1984
Hempel, Amy             "Going" 1985
"Al Jolson" 1985
"Today Will be a Quiet Day" 1985
Johnson, Denis            "Car Crash While Hitchhiking" 1989
Kaplan, David Michael "Doe Season" 1985
Leavitt, David             "Territory" 1982
Mason, Bobbie Ann    "Shiloh" 1980
"Residents and Transients" 1982
"Big Bertha Stories"
"Graveyard Day"
"The Retreat"
Miller, Sue                   "Inventing the Abbotts" 1987
Millhauser, Steven      "Eisenheim, the Illusionist" 1989
Minot, Susan               "Lust" 1984
Mukherjee, Bharati     "Management of Grief" 1988
"Wife's Story" 1988
"The Tenant" 1986
Ozick, Cynthia           "The Shawl" 1980
Robison, Mary            "Coach" 1981
"Amateurs Guide to the Night" 1983
Simpson, Mona           "Lawns" 1985
Sontag, Susan             "Way We Live Now" 1986
Stone, Robert              "Helping" 1987
Swift   Graham           "Learning to Swim" 1982
Tan, Amy                    "Two Kinds" 1989
Tilghman, Christopher"In a Father's Place" 1989
Trevor, William           "Beyond the Pale" 1981
Updike, John               "Afterlife" 1986
"A Sandstone Farmhouse" 1990
Wideman, John Edgar"Damballah" 1981
"Daddy Garbage" 1991
Williams, Joy               "The Skater" 1984
"Health" 1985
"The Wedding"
Wolff, Tobias              "In the Garden of North American" 1980
"Rich Brother" 1985
"The Liar"

1990--2000
Allen, Paula Gunn       "Deer Woman" 1991
Barnes , Julian             "Dragons" 1996
Barrett, Andrea           "Behavior of the Hawkweeds" 1994
Bausch, Richard          "The Fireman's Wife" 1990
Boyd, William             "Dream Lover" 1993
Brown, Larry              "Big Bad Love" 1990
"Facing the Music"
Butler, Robert Olen    "A Good Scent from a Strange Mt." 1992
Byatt, A.S.                  "Medusa's Ankles" 1990
Carey, Peter                "The Last Days of a Famous Mime" 1995
Chang, Lan Samantha "Pippa's Story 1993
"The Eve of the Spirit Festival" 1995
Cisneros, Susan           "One Holy Night" 1991
"House on Mango Street" 1991
Dixon, Stephen           "Man, Woman, and Boy" 1992
Dubus, Andre             "Dancing After Hours" 1996
Dybek, Stuart              "We Didn't" 1993
Gaitskill, Mary            "Girl on the Plane" 1992
Gordon, Mary             "City Life" 1996
Gilchrist, Ellen            "The Stucco House" 1994
Hospital, Janette Turner"Unperformed Experiments Have No Results" 1994
Houston, Pam             "Cowboys Are My Weakness" 1992
Johnson, Denis            "Emergency" 1991
Johnson, Charles         "Exchange Value"
Jones, Thom                "A White Horse" 1993
"Pugilist at Rest" 1991
"Cold Snap" 1993
Jones   Edward           "Lost in the City" 1992
Millhauser, Steven      "The Barnum Museum" 1990
"Knife Thrower" 1998
Moore, Lorrie              "People Like That Are the Only People Here" 1997
Munro, Alice               "Love of a Good Woman" 1998
O'Brien, Tim               "The Things They Carried" 1990
Offutt, Chris                "Aunt Granny Lilith" 1990
"Melungeons" 1993

Rushdie, Salmon         "Good Advice is Rarer Than Rubies" 1994

Tuesday, February 24, 2015

Important Short Stories of the 20th Century: First Fifty Years

Individual short stories often just disappear.  Those that remain usually do so for two reasons:
(1) They get anthologized in text books and thus taught in classrooms
(2 They get discussed in articles and books

I have chosen the following list of approximately 200 stories based on those two criteria.  I will post a list of stories from the last half of the 20th century next week.  The dates reflect when the stories first appeared in book form. If you find errors or omissions, please let me know. I would appreciate it.


1900-1910
Cather, Willa          "Paul's Case" 1905
"Sculptor's Funeral" 1905
Forster, E. M.         "Other Side of the Hedge" 1904
"Road from Colonus" 1904
"Celestial Omnibus" 1911
Galsworthy, John     "Japanese Quince" 1910
Mann, Thomas        "Gladius Dei" 1902
"Infant Prodigy" 1903
"Tonio Kroger" 1903
"Death in Venice" 1912
"Railway Accident"
"Little Herr Friedman" 1903
Unamuno, Miguel de "Madness of Dr. Montarco" 1904

1910-1920
Akutagawa, Ryunosuke "Rashomon" 1915
Anderson, Sherwood Winesburg, Ohio 1919
Bunin, Ivan            "Gentleman from San Francisco" 1915
Dreiser, Theodore    "Lost Phoebe" 1916
Hesse, Hermann     "The Poet" 1913
Joyce, James         Dubliners 1914
Kafka, Franz          "Metamorphosis" 1915
"Judgment" 1916
"Country Doctor" 1919
Lawrence, D. H.      "Odor of Chrysanthemums" 1911
"Prussian Officer" 1913
"White Stockings" 1914
"Tickets, Please" 1919
Mansfield, Katherine  "Bliss" 1918
Pirandello, Luigi       "War" 1919

1920-1930
Akutagawa, Ryunosuke "In a Grove" 1922
Anderson, Sherwood "The Egg" 1921
"I Want to Know Why" 1921
"I'm a Fool" 1922
"Man Who Became a Woman" 1923
"Death in the Woods" 1926
Babel, Isaac           "How it Was Done in Odessa" 1923
"Crossing into Poland" 1924
"My First Goose" 1924
"Story of My Dovecote"
Callaghan, Morley    "Faithful Wife" 1929
Capek, Karel         "Last Judgment" 1929
Connell, Richard      "Most Dangerous Game" 1924
Coppard, A.E.        "Adam and Eve and Pinch Me" 1921
"Arabesque--the Mouse" 1921
"The Higgler" 1924
"Field of Mustard" 1926
Fitzgerald, F. Scott   "Diamond Big as the Ritz" 1922
"Absolution 1925
"The Rich Boy" 1926
"Winter Dreams" 1926
Glaspel, Susan       "Jury of Her Peers" 1927
Hemingway, Ernest   "Indian Camp" 1924
"Big, Two-Hearted River" 1925
"Soldier's Home" 1925
"Hills Like White Elephants" 1927
"In Another Country" 1927
"The Killers" 1927
Hurston, Zora Neale  "Spunk" 1925
"Sweat" 1926
Huxley, Aldous        "Young Archimedes" 1924
Kafka, Franz          "Hunger Artist" 1922
Kawabata, Yasunari  "Grasshopper and Cricket" 1924
Lagerkvist, Par        "Father and I" 1923
Lardner,Ring          "Haircut" 1925
"Golden Honeymoon" 1922
Lawrence, D. H.      "Blind Man" 1922
"Horse-Dealer's Daughter" 1922
"Woman who Rode Away" 1925
"Rocking-Horse Winner" 1926
"The Man Who Loved Islands" 1927
"Two Blue Birds" 1927
Mann, Thomas       "Disorder and Early Sorrow" 1926
Mansfield, Katherine  "Miss Brill" 1920
"Daughters of the Late Colonel" 1921
"Her First Ball" 1921
"The Fly" 1922
"Garden Party" 1922
"Marriage a al Mode" 1922
Maughm, Somerset   "Rain" 1921
"Outstation" 1924
Parker, Dorothy       "Big Blonde" 1929
Porter, Katherine Anne "Maria Concepcion" 1922
"Theft" 1929
Quirgo, Horacio       "Dead Man" 1920
Steele, Wilbur Daniel "Footfalls" 1920
Svevo, Italo            "Generous Wine" 1927

Toomer, Jean         "Fern" 1922
"Blood-Burning Moon" 1923
"Theater" 1923
Woolf, Virginia        "Haunted House" 1921

1930-1940
Aiken, Conrad        "Silent Snow, Secret Snow" 1932
Babel, Isaac          "In the Basement" 1930
"Guy de Maupassant" 1932
"Di Grasso" 1937
Beckett, Samuel      "Dante and the Lobster" 1932
Bontemps, Arna      "Summer Tragedy" 1933
Borges, Jorge Luis   "Pierre Menard, Author of Quixote" 1939
Bowen, Elizabeth     "Her Table Spread" 1930
"Tears, Idle Tears" 1937
Boyle, Kay            "Astronomer's Wife" 1936
"White Horses of Vienna"
Caldwell, Erskin       "Kneel to the Rising Sun" 1935
Callaghan, Morley    "Sick Call" 1932
Dinesen, Isak         "The Monkey" 1934
Faulkner, William     "Rose for Emily" 1930
"Dry September" 1930
"Spotted Horses" 1931
"That Evening Sun" 1931
"Barn Burning" 1939
Gordon, Carol ine     "Old Red" 1933
Greene, Graham     "The Basement Room" 1935
Hemingway, Ernest   "Clean, Well-Lighted Place" 1933
"Short Happy Life of Frances Macomber" 1936
Hughes, Langston    "On the Road" 1935
Lagerkvist, Par        "Children's Campaign" 1935
Landolfi, Tommaso   "Wedding Night" 1939
McCarthy, Mary       "Cruel and Barbarous Treatment" 1939
O'Connor, Frank      "Guests of the Nation" 1930
"First Confession" 1939
Porter, Katherine Anne" The Grave" 1935
"Noon Wine" 1936
"Jilting of Granny Weatherall" 1930
"Flowering Judas" 1930
Pritchett, V.S.         "Sense of Humor" 1937
Saroyan, William      "Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze" 1934
Sartre, Jean Paul     "The Wall" 1937
Schorer, Mark         "Boy in the Summer Sun" 1937
Schultz, Bruno        "Street of Crocodiles" 1934
Schwartz, Delmore   "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities" 1937
Shaw,         Irwin           "Girls in their Summer Dresses" 1939
Steele, Wilburn Daniel" How Beautiful with Shoes" 1932
Steinbeck, John       "The Snake" 1936
"Chrysanthemums" 1938
"Flight" 1938
Unamuno Miguel      "St. Emmanuel the Good, Martyr" 1933
Welty, Eudora                "Death of a Traveling Salesman" 1936
"A Piece of News" 1937
"Petrified Man" 1939
Williams, William Carlos" Use of Force" 1938
Wolfe, Thomas       "Only the Dead Know Brooklyn" 1939
Fitzgerald, F. Scott   "Babylon Revisited" 1930
Wright, Richard       "Big Boy Leaves Home" 1936
"Bright and Morning Star" 1937

1940-1950
Borges, Jorge Luis   "Circular Ruins" 1940
"Tlon, Ugbar, Orbis, Tertius" 1940
"Garden of Forking Paths" 1941
"Lottery in Babylon" 1941
"Library of Babel" 1941
"Funes the Memorious" 1944
Bowen, Elizabeth     "Demon Lover" 1940
"Happy Autumn Fields" 1944
"Queer Heart" 1941
Bowles, Paul          "The Scorpion" 1945
"Distant Episode" 1947
Capote, Truman      "Tree of Night" 1943
"Miriam" 1945
Cheever, John        "Enormous Radio" 1947
Clarke, Walter van Tilburg "Portable Phonograph" 1941
"The Wind and the Snow of Winter" 1944
Dinesen, Isak         "Sailor-Boy's Tale" 1942
"Sorrow Acre" 1942
"Blue Jar" 1922
Ellison, Ralph         "King of the Bingo Game" 1944
"Flying Home" 1944
Gordimer, Nadine     "Train from Rhodesia" 1947
Greene, Graham     "Across the Bridge" 1949
"Hint of an Explanation" 1949
Jackson, Shirley      "The Lottery" 1948
Lavin,  Mary           "A Wet Day" 1944
"The Will" 1944
McCullers, Carson    "Tree, Rock, Cloud" 1942
Nabokov, Vladimir    "That in Aleppo Once" 1943
                     "Signs and Symbols" 1948
O'Connor, Frank      "Judas" 1947
"Drunkard" 1948
O'Faolain, Sean      "Man Who Invented Sin" 1944
"Innocence" 1946
O'Flaherty, Liam      "Two Lovely Beasts" 1946
Powers, J. F.         "Lions, Harts, and Leaping Does" 1943
"Prince of Darkness" 1946
"The Forks" 1947
"Valiant Woman" 1947
Pritchett, V.S.        "Saint" 1940
Salinger, J. D.        "Perfect Day for Bananafish" 1948
"Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut" 1948
Saroyan,William       "Summer of Beautiful White Horse" 1940
Shaw, Irwin           "Act of Faith" 1946
Singer, I.B.           "Spinoza of Market Street" 1944
"Gimpel the Fool" 1957
Stafford, Jean         "Interior Castle" 1947
Stegner, Wallace     "Butcher Bird" 1940
Taylor, Peter          "Fancy Woman" 1940
Trilling, Lionel         "Of This Time, Of That Place" 1943
Warren, Robert Penn"Blackberry Winter" 1946
Welty, Eudora                "Keela, the Outcast Indian Maiden" 1940
"A Visit of Charity" 1941
"Why I Live at the PO" 1941
"Worn Path" 1941
"Powerhouse" 1941
White, E. B.           "Second Tree from the Corner" 1947
Wright, Richard       "Man Who Was Almost a Man" 1940


Monday, February 16, 2015

Why is the Short Story a Neglected Form?


One of the most curious inconsistencies between literary education and academic research is that while the short story is the most frequently taught literary form in high school and college classrooms, it is the literary form most ignored and neglected by academic critics and scholars. There are many reasons for this schism: the “bigger is better” bias that prejudices critics in favor of the novel, the old-fashioned notion that the short story is gimmicky and popular, and the unquestioned assumption that complex emotions and ideas cannot be treated in the short narrative form.

The pressure on writers by agents, editors, and critics to abandon the short story as soon as possible and do something serious with their lives--such as write a novel--is unrelenting. This narrative bias that bigger is better persists in spite of the fact that the faithful few who have ignored it are among the most critically acclaimed writers of the twentieth century:  Anton Chekhov, Jorge Luis Borges, Flannery O'Connor, Peter Taylor, Alice Munro, Grace Paley, Raymond Carver. 

The most obvious fact about the short story is that agents and editors are seldom enthusiastic about taking on a collection of short stories--unless the author is a name with a novel on his or her tally or unless the author is promising, and will promise a novel in the near future.  Why?  Well, because most people would rather not read short stories.  As the popularity of so-called "reality" television makes clear, most prefer the real to the fictional, especially if the real is highly fictionalized.  Only a half dozen or so wide circulation magazines still regularly publish fiction.

What's worse, those who read fiction would rather read novels than stories.  Why?  Most people want to believe that characters have a life of their own; and they have to live with them for a while in order to believe that.  Once you get started with a novel, you become friends, get familiar, take up residence.  With a short story, you no sooner are introduced to a story than it is over, leaving you a bit dazed.  With a collection of stories, you have to do this over and over again.  Unlike chapters in a novel that tease you with the illusion of continuity, short stories are always ending.  And often those conclusions--one of the form's most important aspects--are frustrating in their inconclusiveness.  Readers finish novels closing the book with a satisfied thump and a sense of a big job well done.  Because of its poetic compression, readers often finish short stories with a puzzled "huh."
  
In spite of the short story’s struggle in contemporary publishing, many teachers find it a most useful form with which to introduce students to the conventions and techniques of fiction.  However, students searching for guidance in their study of the short story are often frustrated by the lack of good criticism of the form. They find it especially difficult to locate helpful discussions of  important recent short stories.

The short story is a deceptively difficult form.  Just because it is small in size does not make it simple in significance.  Quite the contrary, the short story most often involves a more scrupulous use of language than the novel; it is often more like poetry than prose.  In truth, it is not a form that comes naturally, but that one has to learn to read.

One reason why the short story has not been popular or has not maintained its place in modern literature is that readers prefer the novel precisely because it does not demand anything more than perseverance in a continuous flow of reading, becoming one with the sustained rhythm and tone of the work.  William Dean Howells noted in 1901 that although the short story may be attractive when one runs across one singly in a magazine, the short story in a collection seems most repellant to the reader.  The reason stems from the very intensity and compression and suggestiveness of the form itself.  Reading one story, says Howells, one can receive a pleasant "spur to his own constructive faculty.  But if this is repeated in ten or twenty stories, he becomes fluttered and exhausted by the draft upon his energies; whereas a continuous fiction of the same quantity acts as an agreeable sedative."

 L.P. Hartley has said that "A dozen short course are harder for the mind to digest than one long course...`Starting and stopping' exhausts the reader's attention."  V.S. Pritchett has said much the same.  In spite of the work of Flaubert and James, the length, inclusiveness, and shapelessness of the novel creates a "bemusing effect."  "The short story, on the other hand, wakes the reader up.  Not only that; it answers the primitive craving for art, the wit, paradox and beauty of shape, the longing to see a dramatic pattern and significance in our experience, the desire for the electric shock." 
In 1923, O'Brien, in his Advance of the American Short Story, said:  "The short-story writers are the destined interpreters of our time to itself and our children." (his conclusion). 

Twenty years later, H. E. Bates, in his 1941 book said that new writers would find the form essential (In Kenyon Review in 1968, he says he does not know why he was wrong, except that it is a poetic form and that the new generation did not find this conducive)  In 1952, Ray West in his book on the short story, said in his conclusion that it seems likely that "we may someday come to view the short story as the particular form through which American letters finally came of age, through which the life of its people and the vision of its artists most nearly approached full expression."  William Peden's 1964 book on the American short story says that in the last two decades there have been more short story writers creating more skillfully than ever before. 

None of these predictions have panned out.  Today the short story is not a popular form with general readers, nor a respected form with academic critics--too demanding for the former; not demanding enough for the latter. 

So we beat on, boats against the current.





Monday, February 9, 2015

Michael Byers' The Coast of Good Intentions

Short stories have a bad habit of disappearing, originally showing up in little mags with small circulations and then appearing in collections that seldom get reviewed, get no publicity, and then languish on library shelves, which fewer and fewer people populate. If literature profs and academic critics do not find them teachable enough to anthologize in textbooks and explicate in the classroom, or complex enough to write about in journals, they just die. In my never-ending battle to keep good short stories alive, I occasionally call the attention of my readers to short story collections that, in my opinion, deserve to be read.  Today, I highlight the first collection of Michael Byers, The Coast of Good Intentions, published in 1998.

Byers, born in 1971 in Seattle, Washington, received his B.A. degree from Oberlin College in Ohio and taught elementary school in Louisiana for two years in the Teach for America program. He received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Michigan and attended the writing program at Stanford University before moving back to Seattle. He was a Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University between 1996 and 1998.  His story "Settled on the Cranberry Coast" was selected for the O. Henry Prize Stories in 1995; "Shipmates Down Under" was selected for The Best American Short Stories in 1997. The Coast of Good Intentions was a finalist for the Hemingway/PEN Award and won the Whiting Award of $30,000, given to "emerging writers of exceptional talent and promise," in 1999.

The stories of Michael Byers belong to a tradition in the contemporary short story, represented by Ethan Canin's 1988 Emperor of the Air and Christopher Tilghman's 1990 In a Father's Place. Like Canin and Tilghman, Byers affirms, in a seemingly simple, matter-of-fact way, the solid, unsentimental values of family, commitment, and hope for the future.  This is, of course, the kind of fiction that John Gardner urged in his book Moral Fiction (1978) and that Raymond Carver embodied in his 1983 collection Cathedral, hailed as mellower and more hopeful than his earlier, so-called "minimalist" stories.

Byers focuses primarily on men who, although certainly not simple, are simply trying hard to do their best.  They are, like the retired school teacher in "Settled on the Cranberry Coast," still looking hopefully to the future, or, when they do look to the past, are like the elderly couple in "Dirigibles," reaffirmed rather than disappointed by where they have been.  When Byers takes on the persona of a woman, as he does in "A Fair Trade," once again, the past is perceived without regret, the present is accepted with equanimity, and the future is looked forward to with hope.  Even the self-absorbed father in "Shipmates Down Under," who should take responsibility for his troubled marriage, and the young widow in "Spain, One Thousand and Three," who has, for ego's sake, treated women as conquests, ultimately are simply human with all the frailties humans are heir to.


Such understanding, loving, and forgiving values are, of course, hard to resist, but they are also hard to present without either irony or sentimentality.  Byers manages to avoid both, giving the reader characters who are neither perfect nor petulant, neither ironically bitter nor blissfully ignorant, but who are rather complex and believable human beings simply doing their best, which, Byers seems to suggest, is simply the most human thing anyone can do. Here are some comments on the major stories in The Coast of Good Intentions

"Settled on the Cranberry Coast" is a satisfying story about second chances or the pleasant realization that it's never too late to live, "Settled on the Cranberry Coast" is narrated by Eddie, a bachelor who has just retired after teaching high school for twenty-seven years and has taken up part-time carpenter work.  When Rosie, an old high school acquaintance, who has also never married, hires him to repair an old house she has just bought, the story focuses quite comfortably on their inevitable gravitation toward each other.  Rosie not only fills Eddie's need for a caring companion, her six-year-old granddaughter Hannah, who lives with her, gives him the child he has never had.

As Eddie makes Rosie's house sturdier, their relationship  grows as well, gradually affirming Eddie's opening sentence in the story, "This I know; our lives in these towns are slowly improving."  Eddie can imagine moving in with Rosie and Hannah, thinking that we don't live our lives so much as come to them, as people and things "collect mysteriously" around us.  At the end of the story, Eddie invites Hannah to go to the next town with him to buy radiators.  In a simple scene handled perceptively and delicately by Byers, Eddie stands under a parking-lot overhang in the rain, smoothing the sleeping child's hair, her head "perfectly round" on his shoulder. In a Carveresque final sentence, he thinks he is "on the verge of something" as he waits there listening to Hannah's easy, settled breathing.

Because Byers was only in his twenties when he wrote these stories, reviewer made much of his understanding of older characters, such as Eddie in "Settled on the Cranberry Coast."  In "Dirigibles,"  Howard and Louise, in their late sixties and retired, are visited by James Couch, a friend from the old days, who is stopping on his way from Seattle to Montana.  Couch talks about his daughter hang-gliding in outer space, and Howard realizes that he has "gone a little way around the bend, and he wasn't coming back."  When Howard sets up a movie projector to show Couch old home movies from the time when they were friends, it turns out he has put in the wrong film; what they see instead is a very brief scene of Louise, young and thin and almost all legs, running naked from one doorway to another.  Howard and Louise both laugh, remembering the event when he came returned from the navy and she came to the door nonchalantly nude.


After putting Couch to bed, the couple lie awake, and Howard says he played the greatest concert halls in Germany before the war, with ten thousand women waiting on his every need; he tells Louise to think of him like that, and she says "yes."  He tells her he flew "great dirigibles of the age" over the "great nations of the earth," and she says "yes."  And in the last line, when he says "It's true.  Everything is true," she says, "Oh, Howard. Howard."  The conclusion is a great affirmative paean to love and union, much like the end of Molly Bloom's famous soliloquy in Joyce's Ulysses.
"Shipmates Down Under" focuses on the protagonist's relationship with his nine-year-old son, who seems principled and controlled; with his six-year-old daughter, who becomes mysteriously ill; and with his wife, who feels an outsider to his connection with the children.   Because the daughter's illness threatens to dominate the story, the underlying marital conflict, which is its real subject, does not become apparent until the end when the child improves just as mysteriously as she fell ill.

The boy, who intuits the unspoken conflict between the parents, says he is writing a sequel to a boy's adventure book his father has recommended, and urges his father to take his mother on a vacation, since their planned vacation to Perth, Australia, the father's home, has been cancelled by the daughter's illness.  When the protagonist talks to his wife about this, she calls him "Mister Distant, Mister Nowhere, Mr. Say Nothing," accusing him of living in his own little world with the children while pretending she does not exist.  Although he denies this, when he sees the first sentence of his son's sequel--"My father and I live in Perth in a tiny white house with a wall around the garden"--he feels a "little bloom of secretive joy" in his heart.  The story ends with his thinking that he will apologize to his wife and that they will make it.  However, when he imagines them finally taking their disrupted trip to Australia, what he thinks of is the children remembering the experience, the hotel standing strong and unchanging, "the solid keeper of my precious cargo, these two damaged packages of my detailed dreams."

The central character in the story, "In Spain, One  Thousand and Three," Martin Tuttleman, tries to cope with the loss of his wife at age twenty-five to cancer.  A computer game designer, he has been off work so long with her illness that he now, at least temporarily, works in the support department, giving phone advice to kids playing the game he helped design.  The primary focus of the story is Martin's constant sexual fantasies about women.  Before his marriage, he had slept with every woman he could, and thinks of himself as having had more sex than anyone he knew.  Now that his wife, who completely filled his sexual life during their marriage, is dead, he has begun to fantasize about other women again.

The central crucial event in the story is an ambiguous encounter with his mother-in-law in his wife's old bedroom.  When he takes one of his shirts out of her closet, the mother embraces him, and he compares the feel of her body to that of his wife.  They begin rubbing against each other, like "shy dancers" and then abruptly push away. The story ends with his father-in-law angrily confronting him, demanding that he apologize.  When he does so, he feels good, as if he were saying he is sorry to all the women he has seduced. 

"A Fair Trade" is the longest story in the collection, and covers the longest span of time, practically the whole life of the central character Andie, beginning at age fourteen with her trip to live with her aunt for a period after her father's death and her mother's emotional breakdown, and ending with a visit to her aunt some forty years later when she is in her fifties.  However, most of the story focuses on the time Andie lived with her aunt Maggie; the rest of her life is recounted in brief summary. 

During this period, Andie has fantasies about a mysterious European man who works for the elderly couple who live across the road.  The only real plot complications occur when Maggie's unscrupulous boyfriend, who, trying to get the elderly couple's farm, threatens to tell the authorities that the man has made sexual advances to Andie; when Maggie finds out, she sends the boyfriend packing.
The last part of the story covers Andie's life after she returns to her mother--summarizing her marriage, divorce, her daughter's going off to college, and finally her move back to Seattle when she is fifty-five.  Seeing her aunt's old boyfriend, now in his eighties, on television prompts a visit to her aunt, who has adopted a gay man, and who has a boyfriend in his seventies.  Although her aunt tells her she should have a man, Andie looks forward to twenty more years of being alone.  She feels she has made a "fair trade," that her way is not a bad way to live.  As she sits in a restaurant with her aunt and her adopted son, she shuffles her feet under the table, thinking that from other tables she may appear to be dancing.

Michael Byers has published two novels and several short stories in the last two decades and is an assistant professor of literature at the University of Michigan. The Coast of Good Intentions is a book that deserves to be read and reread.