Believe it or not, there was a time, some fifty
years ago, when short stories were read carefully, and even respected, by
teachers and students. But because this
was during that period of pedagogy known as the New Criticism or Formalism, the
focus was on the explication of individual stories. Such an approach has been
much reviled in recent years by critics who seem bound and determined to move
farther and farther away from the story itself and more and more into studies
of culture, politics, psychology, sociology, race, gender, ideology, etc.
I was reminded of this recently when one of my
readers, Jim Friel, asked if I would make a few remarks on Katherine Anne
Porter. Jim said he had read William H.
Gass’s review/essay on Porter in his new book (Life Sentences), which originally appeared in Harper’s January, 2009, but found it mainly a discussion of Porter’s
biography.
I like it when readers ask my opinion about a
certain writer; it’s the old professor in me, I reckon. It forces me to keep
alert and to keep alive writers I have read in the past; it also compels me to
revisit and reevaluate issues about the short story that have occupied my mind
for many years. So I pulled out my copy of The
Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter (Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965)—a
significant book in the history of the short story, for it won both the
Pulitzer Prize for Literature and the National Book Award that year--one of the
very few short story collections to win such prestigious prizes.
I also dug out my old manila folder on Katherine
Anne Porter, which contains photocopies of some of the best Porter criticism,
primarily from the 1960s, as well as notes on the Porter stories I have taught,
which include: “Flowering Judas,” “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall,” “He,” “Noon
Wine,” “Theft,” and “The Grave.” Here are a few of those, inevitably formalist,
critical essays on Porter that influenced my teaching of her stories back in
the day:
Brooks, Cleanth.
"On `The Grave'." Katherine
Anne Porter. Ed. Lodwick Hartley and George Core. Athens: University of Georgia
Press, 1969. 115-19. Brooks says the
story is about the paradoxical nature of truth, which wears a double face. The secret of birth is revealed in the place
of death, and there is both beauty and horror in the discovery.
Sister M. Joselyn. "`The Grave' as Lyrical
Short Story." Studies in Short Fiction 1 (1964):
216-21. A discussion of the story's
use of the devices of lyric poetry.
Warren, Robert, Warren. "Irony With a
Center: Katherine Anne Porter." Selected
Essays. New York: Random House,
1951: 136-56. Warren says Porter's
fiction is characterized by "rich surface detail scattered with apparently
casual profuseness and the close structure which makes such detail
meaningful."
Welty, Eudora, "The Eye of the Story," Yale
Review. 55 (Winter 1966):
265-74. Claims that Porter's use
of the physical world is enough to meet her needs and no more. Welty says that what Porter makes us see are
those "subjective worlds of hallucination, obsession, fever, guilt."
However, a brief survey of Porter criticism in the
past dozen years—of which there is precious little—reveals the influence of the
social/cultural trend that has dominated literary criticism and is, in my
opinion, larely responsible for driving students away from literature. For
example, there is an essay on racial and cultural difference in “Noon Wine,” an
essay on racial issues in the seven interrelated stories under the title “The Old
Order,” a discussion of cultural and gender issues in the Miranda stories, etc.
etc
Of course, the problem I have with cultural/gender/ideological
critics is that they seem less interested in the work itself than they are in
how the work illustrates their own particular academic niche. I realize that
literature professors have to publish to get tenure and get promoted—hell, I
did it in my career. I also realize that
literature profs have to follow the lead of big name critics who suddenly
discover or create a new approach. The academic study of literature always
changes, if for no other reason than to give new assistant professors something
new to write about in order to climb up the academic ladder. But my experience in the last few years of my
teaching career suggested to me that most of my younger colleagues were not
really teaching their students how to read, nor were they teaching them about
the unique characteristics of literature.
It made me glad to retire.
Probably made my colleagues and students happy also.
William H. Gass, whose approach to the study of
literature I have always admired, spends much of his review-essay in Life Sentences on the relationship
between Porter’s life and her stories, for he takes as his subject two
biographies of Porter, as well as the new Library of America edition of her Collected Stories and Other Writings
that came out in 2009. Gass reminds us
that F. O. Mattheissen observed back in 1945 that Porter had a “high reputation
among all schools of critics” and was regarded as a “writer’s writer,” which
usually suggests a “consummate craftsmanship” that other writers would be
pleased to emulate. However, it is not a title that would make her appealing to
the new social/cultural critics.
Gass notes that when reviewers take the time to
compliment a writer on her style, they usually mean she has made it easy for
them to immerse themselves into the account so that they “lose all touch with
mere words” and feel as if they were present at the event described. Gass contends that rather than praise authors
for their ability to let us “see” the action, better, we should praise them for
their ability to let us “read.”
I, of course, agree; I have no admiration for the hurry-scurry
novelist who uses words to activate a little television screen inside our head
so that we leap over the words to the so-called “content.” I much prefer the short story writer who compels
us to attend to the language of the story, which is solely responsible for “making”
the reading experience.
In a bit of serendipity, when I was reading the Gass
essay this week, I heard a report on National Public Radio about a recent
psychological study on reading stories to children. Education researchers examined
what reading behaviors helped children learn to read. It turns out that although reading to a child
helped build children’s vocabulary, it did not help them learn to read. So the
researchers did some eye-tracking studies to determine what the children were
looking at when someone read to them. They found that when you simply read a
book to kids, they tend to ignore the print on the page. More than 90 percent
of the time the children are focusing on the pictures, or they are looking up
at the parent doing the reading.
Children learn to read incrementally, becoming
familiar with letters, then words, reading from left to right, etc. But if a
child's attention isn't drawn to the printed word, then reading to children
won't necessarily make them more familiar with what it means to read. The
researchers gave two groups of preschool teachers books for an entire school
year — 30 weeks' worth of books. One group was told to read the books to the
children normally; the other was given weekly cards with specific questions the
teacher could ask — really just small phrases — that might momentarily draw a
child's attention to the print on the page.
The teachers were told to read their books four
times a week, and to point out the print between four and eight times, so that
together the small phrases hardly added extra time to their reading sessions —
maybe 90 seconds per book. They followed the kids for two years and
concluded: "Children who focused
their attention on print ... had better literacy outcomes than those who did
not.”
I know the implications of this study for the
teaching of reading are more complex than this brief summary might indicate,
but the results of the study verify my own experience trying to teach
university students how to read short stories.
One of the problems about the focus in the past few
years on ideology, culture, gender, race, etc. when reading narrative is that
the students do not learn how to read because they do not attend to the
language of the story.
Good formalist that he is, Gass argues against the
current common notion that “style” is merely a wrapping for what is really
important—content. Style, Gass protests,
is the result of ‘exactness of choice” and then gives us this classic statement
on the importance of style and form:
“Whether unconsciously or by intent, the writer
chooses subjects, adopts a tone, considers an order for the release of meaning,
arrives at the rhythm, selects a series of appropriate sounds, determines the
diction and measures the pace, turns the referents of certain words into
symbols, establishes connections with companionable paragraphs, sizes up each
sentence’s intended significance, and , if granted good fortune, because each
decision might have been otherwise, achieves not just this and that bit of
luminosity or suggestiveness but her own unique lines of language, lines that
produce the desired restitution of the self.”
As I have argued over and over here and any place I
can find someone to listen, this kind of close attention to language is more
often apt to occur in the short story than in the novel, which is one reason
why readers trained to see content rather than attend to language would rather read
novels than short stories and why young professors of literature nowadays are,
in my opinion, failing in their primary task--teaching students how to read
literature. Gass ends his essay/review
by reminding us that although writers like Flannery O’Connor, Eudora Welty, and
Katherine Anne Porter “obliged us by writing novels,” it is for their short
stories that they are best remembered, in which more emphasis on style is
expected.
With this bit of polemic as background, I will
return to Katherine Anne Porter next week and make some comments about what
characterizes her as a writer of short stories and therefore—sad to say-- makes
her of little interest to current academic critics/professors and their
students, who while they crow that they know a helluva lot about culture, race,
gender, politics, and ideology, their analyses suggest they know little about
literature.
